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  The Trilingual Rock Inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes at Ganj Nameh Photo:  Salman arab ameri/Wikimedia Nestled 12 kilometers southwest of the ancient city of Ecbatana (modern Hamadan) in western Iran, atop Mount Alvand standing proudly at 2,000 meters above sea level, lie two monumental panels etched into the rock. These inscriptions, crafted in cuneiform script during the reigns of Darius I the Great and his son Xerxes I, offer a glimpse into the grandeur of the Achaemenid Empire. Over time, these inscriptions succumbed to obscurity, their meaning lost to the ages as the knowledge of ancient cuneiform script faded. Local folklore began to weave tales of hidden treasures within these inscriptions, leading to the moniker "Ganj Nameh," or "Book of Treasures." It was not until 1839, during a commissioned expedition by the Institut de France, that the painter and archaeologist Eugène Flandin captured drawings of these enigmatic inscriptions. Thanks to the pioneerin...

Ganj Nameh: A Window into Achaemenid History through Trilingual Inscriptions The Ganj Nameh Inscriptions. Photo:  Salman arab ameri/Wikimedia Nestled in the rugged mountains of Iran lies an ancient marvel that bears witness to the rich history of the Persian Empire. The Ganj Nameh inscriptions, attributed to the Achaemenid kings Darius the Great and his son Xerxes, are a testament to the grandeur and linguistic diversity of the empire. Carved into the rocky cliffs near Hamadan, these trilingual inscriptions offer valuable insights into the cultural, historical, and linguistic heritage of ancient Persia. Drawing by Eugène Flandin showing the inscriptions in 1839. Photo:  Wikimedia The Achaemenid Dynasty The Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE, was one of the most powerful and expansive empires of the ancient world. Its kings, including Darius and Xerxes, sought to assert their authority and leave a lasting legacy. The Ganj Nameh inscriptions se...